Citation

Inflammation is a crucial driver of host damage in patients with C. difficile colitis. We examined the potential for the intestinal microbiome to modify inflammation in patients with C. difficile colitis via the effects of gut-derived endotoxin on cytokine production.

Endotoxin from E. coli and P. aeruginosa as well as stool-derived endotoxin was tested for their ability to enhance IL-1β and TNFα- production by toxin B-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Inflammasome and TLR-4 blocking studies were done to discern the importance of these pathways, while metagenomic studies were done to characterize predominant organisms from stool samples.

Endotoxin significantly enhanced the ability of C. difficile toxin B to promote IL-1β production but not TNF- α. The magnitude of this effect varied by endotoxin type and was dependent on combined inflammasome and TLR-4 activation. Stool-derived endotoxin exhibited a similar synergistic effect on IL-1 β production with less synergy observed for stools that contained a high proportion of gamma-proteobacteria.

The ability of endotoxin to enhance IL-1 β production highlights a manner by which the microbiome can modify inflammation and severity of C. difficile disease. This information may be useful in devising new therapies for severe C. difficile colitis.