Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

Recombinant protein reagents:

Recombinant anthrax toxins, rPA, rLF, or rEF (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) were stored frozen in 1 mg/ml aliquots as recommended by the supplier. …

Protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor ELISAs:

Antibody specificity for toxin components was determined using standard ELISAs. High bind plates (Costar 3369) were coated overnight with 1 g/well of rPA, rLF, or rEF. …

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

Author did not specify which List Labs Anthrax Edema Factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #178A(Anthrax Edema Factor (EF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #173B (Anthrax Edema Factor (EF), Recombinant, Mutant S447N from B. anthracis).

… To examine the mucosal immunogenicity of MucoRice-BoHc, … with or without CT (1 µg, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) …

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

Induction of EAE:

EAE was induced by subcutaneous immunization of eight-week-old mice in the flanks with 200µl of an emulsion containing 250µg of MOG₃₅₅₅ peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) and 400µg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis extract H37 Ra (BD Biosciences, Austin, TX, USA) in incomplete Freunds adjuvant oil. In addition, the animals received intraperitoneal injection of 250ng of pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA). on Day 0 and Day 2. …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

… In some experiments, inhibitors were injected intracellularly into the sensory neuron 30 min before the start of an experiment, and were always compared with vehicle injections. EGTA (Calbiochem) and the light chain of botulinum toxin D (List Biological Laboratories) were diluted in the vehicle solution (0.5 M KAc with 10 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.4, and 0.2% Fast Green to visualize the injection).

Regents:

 … the light chain of botulinum toxin D (List Biological Laboratories), and sense and antisense oligonucleotides were diluted in the vehicle solution (0.5 M KAc with 10 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.4, and 0.2% Fast Green to visualize the injection). …

Surgery:

… To verify that visual behaviors were mediated by the regenerating optic nerve, we reanesthetized mice in Groups I and II at 7 wk and transected the previously intact right optic nerve. Five days before the end of the study, we injected CTB (3 µL, 1%; List Biological) as an anterograde tracer to visualize axons and nerve terminals originating in RGCs. Most mice in the behavioral study survived for 10 wk but a few survived 12 wk. …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

Synthesis and Folding of Defensins:

… Recombinant LF was purchased from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. …

LF Activity Inhibition by l-Ala17-HNP1 Was Less Than Wild-type HNP1:

The enzyme activity of LF in the presence of HNP1 or l-Ala17-HNP1 was assessed using a method adapted from Kaufmann and colleagues (30). Fig. 7 shows that the inhibitory activity of l-Ala17-HNP1 as measured by the concentration that gave 50% inhibition (IC50) differed slightly more than 2-fold compared with HNP1. By contrast, d-Ala17-HNP2 (HNP1 numbering) was equally active compared with HNP2. The d-Ala17 mutation was incorporated into HNP2 instead of HNP1 to conform to the previous study (18), but because HNP1 and HNP2 vary only by the deletion of a single Ala residue at the N terminus, they should be comparable with one another with respect to the internal Gly17 residue. LF inhibition is impaired only by the Gly17 to l-Ala17 mutation but not the Gly17 to d-Ala17 mutation, pointing to a local structural defect as the culprit.

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

Tract tracing and rapid Golgi:

When physiological recordings were complete, the tungsten microelectrode was replaced by a tracer-filled glass pipette, through which recordings of auditory responses could be made prior to iontophoresis of neural tract tracers. Three different tracers were used, neurobiotin (NB; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), cholera toxin (CTX; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA), …

For tract tracing with CTX, immunohistochemical procedures were used to visualize the labeled terminals and fibers. Free-floating sections (40 m) were preincubated for 1 hour in a blocking solution consisting of 10% normal goat serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4). Subsequently, sections were incubated with goat anticholeragenoid antibody (List Biological Laboratories), diluted 1:10,000 overnight at 4°C. After multiple washes in PBS, sections were incubated for 1 hour in biotinylated secondary antiserum diluted 1:1,500. …

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae
• Product #703 – Anti-Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Goat)

Sensitization of mice:

Mice were sensitized by intragastric administration of 1 mg ovalbumin (OVA, grade V, Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO) or ovomucoid (OM, Sigma) plus 10 µg cholera toxin (List Biologicals, Campbell, CA, USA)as adjuvant weekly for six weeks.

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

Inflammation experiments:

Three-month-old mice were killed (n = 3, each group) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC), bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were prepared and stimulated as previously described (2832). … Cells were preincubated for 1 h with dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich) before stimulation with 10 ng/ml Salmonella minnesota Ultra Pure LPS (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA), …

• Product #434 – ULTRA PURE LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re)