FRET Peptides, Native Substrates & Receptors

The potent toxicity of both the botulinum neurotoxins and anthrax lethal toxin is due to a zinc-dependent proteolytic activity associated with the toxins. Measurement of this enzymatic activity provides for both a potentially sensitive and direct means for detection of the toxin, and a method for identifying potential toxin inhibitors using high throughput screening. A highly efficient approach for monitoring enzymatic activity is based on the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrates. These fluorogenic peptides contain a donor fluorescent group at one end and a suitable chromogenic acceptor group at the other. The fluorescence is quenched initially by intramolecular energy transfer between the donor/acceptor pair. Cleavage of the FRET substrate by the appropriate enzyme releases the fluorophore and full fluorescence is restored. The increase in fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the amount of enzyme present. Enzymatic activity can be monitored continuously by recording the increase in fluorescence intensity with time. The change in the relative fluorescence units (RFU) as cleavage occurs can be converted to nmoles of cleaved substrate from a standard curve generated using a Calibration Peptide which is the cleaved substrate containing only the N-terminally attached fluorophore. For Botulinum neurotoxin type A, a Control FRET peptide substrate that is not cleaved by the neurotoxin but contains all remaining non-specific sites in the sequence can be used to screen background cleavage of the substrate that can occur in complex matrices. There are seven immunologically distinct botulinum neurotoxins, designated serotypes A-G. Each neurotoxin cleaves one of two target proteins critical for synaptic vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane and neurotransmitter release, either SNAP-25 or Synaptobrevin. The latter is also called VAMP-2. Types A, C and E specifically bind and selectively cleave SNAP-25 while types B, D, F and G cleave Synaptobrevin. Type C also cleaves Syntaxin. The FRET peptides are based on the sequences of these native substrates. The enzymatic activity of these toxins can also be measured using the appropriate native substrate and monitoring the generation of the cleaved product on SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2c (SV2c) has been shown to be the protein receptor for Botulinum neurotoxin, Type A (BoNT/A) and the luminal domain loop is the specific location of BoNT/A binding. This 124-amino acid domain of SV2c is available as a GST fusion protein. Substrates, both FRET peptide and native, available from List Labs for use with Botulinum toxins are shown in the table below. Also shown is the protein receptor for BoNT/A.