Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

Initiation of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA):

Mice were immunized on days 21 and 14 by intradermal injection of 100 µg of methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA; Sigma-Aldrich) in 50 µl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) emulsified in 50 µl of CFA (Sigma-Aldrich) containing 4 mg/ml of heat-killed M tuberculosis strain H37Ra (Difco). Along with each immunization, 200 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories) was administered intraperitoneally. …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

EAE:

EAE:
Nine-week old C57BL/6J mice were randomly selected to be immunized with 100 µg MOG3555 peptide emulsified (1:1) in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Pertussis toxin (300 ng, List Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA) was injected intraperitoneal on the day of MOG3555 immunization and two days later. …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

EAE:

… An intraperitoneal injection of 300 ng pertussis toxin (List Biological laboratories, Cedarlane, Canada) was administered on the day of induction and 2 days later. …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

Animals:

DT-injected DAT-DTR mice were used as experimental animals, denoted as DAT-DTR (DT), and DT-injected non-transgenic littermates were used as WT controls. …

Drugs:

Diphtheria toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) was dissolved in saline solution and administered subcutaneously. …

• Product #150 – Diphtheria Toxin, Unnicked, from Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Reagents:

… The retrograde tracer, cholera toxin B (CTb; List Biological Laboratories) was used at 0.5% in 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. …

… Immunolabeling procedures used primary antibodies for Fos, CTb, neuronal-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), and green fluorescent protein (GFP; used to visualize mCitrine+ neurons; obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, List Biological Laboratories, EMD Millipore, and MBL International, respectively), …

Stereotaxic injections:

… For retrograde tracer injections (Experiment 1), a glass micropipette (30 m tip diameter) containing CTb was lowered into the rostral mOT and deposited iontophoretically by passing a pulsatile (7 s on, 7 s off) cathodal current (+5 A) for 5-8 min using a current source (Stoelting). …

Histological analysis of CTb uptake and hM4Di infection:

For CTb and Fos double labeling, tissues were first Fos labeled, then refixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 10 min and washed in PBS before staining for CTb. Briefly, 30 m free-floating cryosections were incubated overnight in rabbit anti-c-Fos (1:1000) at room temperature followed by 1 h of incubation with biotinylated donkey anti-rabbit secondary antibody. Sections were next incubated with ABC reagent and visualized using DAB with nickel enhancement. Sections were refixed for 10 min in 4% PFA before immunolabeling for CTb, as follows: goat anti-CTb primary antibody (1:40,000) followed by …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt
• Product #703 – Anti-Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Goat)

Immunohistochemistry:

…To identify PMNs, four untreated rats received intrapleural injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B fragment (CtB; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA; Mantilla et al. 2009). Briefly, each rat was anesthetized with isoflurane (11.5% in 100% O₂), and a 50-l Hamilton syringe with a sterile, slightly beveled 27-gauge needle was used to inject 12.5 µl of 0.2% CtB in sterile saline. Bilateral injections were made at the fifth intercostal space (25 µl of 0.2% CtB total). …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

… After trephination in the occipital bone, pressure injections with retrograde tracers, 5 % Fluoro-Gold (FG; Fluorochrome, Denver, CO, USA) or 1% cholera toxin B subunit (CTB, List Biological Laboratories, INC.), were made at restricted regions in the cerebellar cortex using …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

…Mice were sensitised intragastrically using a blunt needle with 20mg whey (DMV International) in 0.5ml PBS, with 10 mg cholera toxin (CT; Quadratech Diagnostics) used as an adjuvant (DMV International and List Biological Laboratories, Inc.), while sham mice received …

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

Chemicals and Reagents:

All toxins were purchased from List Biological Laboratories. …

FRET MAPKKide LF activity:

For drug testing in 96-well plates, the reaction volume was 250l per well, containing 20mM HEPES pH 7.2, 5M MAPKKide conjugated with DABYL and FITC (List Biological Laboratories, Inc), and …

Toxins Treatments:

Cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 10,000 cells/well 1 d before toxin treatment. Various concentrations of LF or FP59 combined with a fixed concentration of PA (500ng/mL) were added to the wells, and cells were incubated for 6h at 37C. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. In other toxin treatment experiments, cells were pre-treated with various concentrations of drugs, and then treated with constant concentrations of 8.3g/ml of C. difficile toxin B, 500ng/ml of P. aeruginosa Exotoxin A, or 500ng/ml of Cholera toxin for 6hours. RAW264.7 survival was measured by MTT assay. …

• Product #155 – Toxin B from Clostridium difficile

Author did not specify which Lethal Factor (LF) was utilized; List Labs provides the following LF:

• Prodcut #172 – Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis
• Product #169L – Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence

• Product #171E – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

Mice and diabetes induction:

… To induce diabetes, male NSG RIP-DTR mice (812 weeks old) were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 20 ng diphtheria toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA) diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). …

• Product #150 – Diphtheria Toxin, Unnicked, from Corynebacterium diphtheriae