Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

Regents:

 … the light chain of botulinum toxin D (List Biological Laboratories), and sense and antisense oligonucleotides were diluted in the vehicle solution (0.5 M KAc with 10 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.4, and 0.2% Fast Green to visualize the injection). …

Surgery:

… To verify that visual behaviors were mediated by the regenerating optic nerve, we reanesthetized mice in Groups I and II at 7 wk and transected the previously intact right optic nerve. Five days before the end of the study, we injected CTB (3 µL, 1%; List Biological) as an anterograde tracer to visualize axons and nerve terminals originating in RGCs. Most mice in the behavioral study survived for 10 wk but a few survived 12 wk. …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

Synthesis and Folding of Defensins:

… Recombinant LF was purchased from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. …

LF Activity Inhibition by l-Ala17-HNP1 Was Less Than Wild-type HNP1:

The enzyme activity of LF in the presence of HNP1 or l-Ala17-HNP1 was assessed using a method adapted from Kaufmann and colleagues (30). Fig. 7 shows that the inhibitory activity of l-Ala17-HNP1 as measured by the concentration that gave 50% inhibition (IC50) differed slightly more than 2-fold compared with HNP1. By contrast, d-Ala17-HNP2 (HNP1 numbering) was equally active compared with HNP2. The d-Ala17 mutation was incorporated into HNP2 instead of HNP1 to conform to the previous study (18), but because HNP1 and HNP2 vary only by the deletion of a single Ala residue at the N terminus, they should be comparable with one another with respect to the internal Gly17 residue. LF inhibition is impaired only by the Gly17 to l-Ala17 mutation but not the Gly17 to d-Ala17 mutation, pointing to a local structural defect as the culprit.

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

Tract tracing and rapid Golgi:

When physiological recordings were complete, the tungsten microelectrode was replaced by a tracer-filled glass pipette, through which recordings of auditory responses could be made prior to iontophoresis of neural tract tracers. Three different tracers were used, neurobiotin (NB; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), cholera toxin (CTX; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA), …

For tract tracing with CTX, immunohistochemical procedures were used to visualize the labeled terminals and fibers. Free-floating sections (40 m) were preincubated for 1 hour in a blocking solution consisting of 10% normal goat serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4). Subsequently, sections were incubated with goat anticholeragenoid antibody (List Biological Laboratories), diluted 1:10,000 overnight at 4°C. After multiple washes in PBS, sections were incubated for 1 hour in biotinylated secondary antiserum diluted 1:1,500. …

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae
• Product #703 – Anti-Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Goat)

Sensitization of mice:

Mice were sensitized by intragastric administration of 1 mg ovalbumin (OVA, grade V, Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO) or ovomucoid (OM, Sigma) plus 10 µg cholera toxin (List Biologicals, Campbell, CA, USA)as adjuvant weekly for six weeks.

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

Inflammation experiments:

Three-month-old mice were killed (n = 3, each group) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC), bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were prepared and stimulated as previously described (2832). … Cells were preincubated for 1 h with dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich) before stimulation with 10 ng/ml Salmonella minnesota Ultra Pure LPS (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA), …

• Product #434 – ULTRA PURE LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re)

Flavivirus studies:

YFV-17D was grown on Vero cells, and for antigenicity studies purified virus was exposed to dilutions of H₂O₂ (Fisher Scientific), formaldehyde (Fisher Scientific) or BPL (Sigma-Aldrich) at 2024 C, diluted to 1 g ml¹ and used to coat ELISA plates. YFV-immune mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1 10⁶ PFU of YFV-17D, and immune serum was obtained at 220 d after infection. WNV-NY99 was grown on Vero cells and purified by ultracentrifugation using 36% (w/v) sucrose cushions in PBS (pH 7.4) at 110,000g for 2.5 h at 4 C. Pellets were resuspended in PBS, pH 7.4 and inactivated with 3% H₂O₂ for 2 h at 2024 C, with inactivation confirmed by plaque assay on Vero cells before final formulation and immunization. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with 10-g doses of H₂O₂-WNV formulated with 50 g of aluminum hydroxide (alum, Sigma-Aldrich) and 5 g of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) …

• Product #401 – LIPID A monophosphoryl from Salmonella minnesota R595

Reagents and Antibodies :

… LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 was obtained from List Biological Laboratories. …

Results – Sp-D Binding to SIRP Is Calcium-dependent, Carbohydrate-specific, and Inhibited by LPS :

… Sp-D is also known to bind with high affinity to rough LPS, the major component of Gram-negative cell walls (19). Therefore, we assessed whether Sp-D binding to SIRP was affected by LPS from S. minnesota Re mutant that expresses a truncated rough LPS known to be a strong ligand for Sp-D (37). The Re mutant expresses the shortest form of LPS among different S. minnesota strains containing only lipid A and 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (38). As shown in Fig. 3C, increasing concentrations of LPS significantly decreased Sp-D binding to SIRP. We observed 50% inhibition of Sp-D binding to SIRP at a concentration of 40 g/ml LPS, which is consistent with previous reports (39).

• Product #304 – LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re)

Stimulation assays:

Synovial fibroblasts were plated in 12-well plates (5 10⁴ cells/well) in 1 ml supplemented Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and stimulated for 2, 8, or 24 hours with 10 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 1 ng/ml interleukin-1 (IL-1) (both from R&D Systems), 300 ng/ml bacterial lipopeptide palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4, 10 g/ml poly(I-C) (both from InvivoGen), or 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS; from Escherichia coli J5) (List Biological Laboratories). …

• Product #301 – LPS from Escherichia coli J5 (Rc)

Media and reagents:

… Ultrapure LPS was from List Biological Laboratories. …

Western blot:

For detection of inammasome components, HMDMs were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 6 h, and 1 mM ATP was added for the last 1 h of stimulation. For detection of IL-1b, HMDMs were stimulated with LPS for 18 h, and ATP was added during the last 3 h of LPS stimulation. …

Author did not specify which List Labs LPS product was utilized in their research.  List Labs provides the following LPS products:  https://listlabs.com/product-information/lipopolysaccharides/