Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

2.2 Animal experiment

Female BN rats with an age of 3.5-5 weeks were allocated into four groups of 12 rats (Figure 1) for the induction of CMA using a CT-mediated model.27 Half of the rats were gavaged daily with 30 mg of amoxicillin (AMX) in 0.5 mL sterile Milli Q water and the other half with 0.5 mL sterile Milli Q water alone (CTR) for a total of 6 weeks. Starting on Day 7, the oral gavage solutions additionally included 10 mg WPC without (CTR and AMX) or with (CTR+CT and AMX+CT) 20 μg of CT three times per week for 5 weeks. The dose and duration of AMX administration were based on our previous studies in BN rats.25, 28 In order to include rats with a uniform age, the experiment was divided into two separate sets of experiments without (CTR and AMX groups) and with (CTR+CT and AMX+CT groups) CT respectively.

… while CT was purchased from List Biological Laboratories Inc (cat. no. 100B, Cambell, CA, US). …

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

… DBA/1 mice were immunized with the emulsion (150µl) at the tail base followed by intraperitoneal administration of pertussis toxin (200ng; List Biological Laboratories) on days 0 and 2 of immunization according to the previous report …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

… On the same day and day 2, mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 200 ng of pertussis toxin (PTX) (List Biological Laboratories, USA) …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

… Rats in Experiment 3 were given a unilateral injection into the PVH of 0.3 µl of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

2.4. Cholera Toxin Subunit B (CTB) Labeling

To trace sensory axon regeneration, CTB was used to label the dorsal column axons. Three days before the end of experiment, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane at 4–5% (v/v) for induction and 2–3% (v/v) for maintenance, respectively. Sciatic nerves of both hindlimbs were exposed and CTB (2 μL, 1% in distilled water, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA) was injected into the sciatic nerve using a 10 µL Hamilton syringe with a 33-gauge needle. The incision was then closed. Animal care was performed as stated previously.

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

… On days 1 and 3, mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 200 ng pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories). The severity of EAE was scored according …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

2.3. Chick Normal Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells Culture and Treatment

… In addition, to explore the intracellular signaling pathway activated by butyrate, we added 10 μM LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3k, MCE, Weehawken, NJ, USA), 2 μM GSK690693 (an inhibitor of AKT, MCE, Weehawken, NJ, USA), 5 μM CHIR99021 (an inhibitor of GSK-3β, MCE, Weehawken, NJ, USA), 20 μM 4-CMTB (an agonist of GPR43, MCE, Weehawken, NJ, USA), 5 μM AR420626 (an agonist of GPR41, GlpBio, Montclair, NJ, USA), 50 ng/mL PTX (an inhibitor of Gi, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA) and 10 μM Ym254890 (an inhibitor of Gq, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. Osaka, Japan), respectively, into CIECs for 0.5 h before the addition of exogenous butyrate (0.5 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Twenty-four hours later, CIECs were collected for western blot assay. Each assay used a repeat of six wells.

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

4.7. Animals and EAE Induction

Mice (female, strain C57BL/6J, seven weeks old) were obtained from Charles River (Calco, Italy) and housed at the animal facility of the Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa (authorization n. 484 of 2004, June 8th). EAE was induced in mice as previously described [45]. Briefly, mice were injected subcutaneously with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant containing 200 μg myelin oligodendrocyte protein 35–55 (MOG35–55; Espikem S.r.l, Prato, Italy) peptide and 8 mg/ml Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37Ra; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), followed by intraperitoneal administration of 400 ng of Pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA) on day 0 and after 48 h. …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

2.8. EAE and Spinal Cord Histology

All experiments were conducted with ethics approval from the Animal Care Committee at the University of Calgary under guidelines of the Canadian Council of Animal Care. Eight-to-ten-week-old C57BL/6 female mice (Charles River Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada) with an average weight of 22 g were immunized subcutaneously with 50 μg/100 μL of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 peptide (Protein and Nucleic acid facility, Stanford University, USA) in CFA supplemented with 4 mg/mL heat-inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Sigma). This method has been previously described [21,47]. A 50 μL emulsion was deposited on either side of the tail base. Pertussis toxin (PTX) (300 ng/200 μL, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA) was injected intraperitoneally on days 0 and 2 after MOG immunization.

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

Reagents

…Recombinant PA was purchased from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. (Campbell, CA, USA) …

• Product #171E – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis