Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

Vaccine Preparation and Treatment Groups:

…The number of foals in each group was determined a priori, and foals were assigned randomly to each of the groups. The study groups were as follows: 1) low-dose inactivated virulent R. equi group (n=9), receiving 210¹⁰ CFUs of inactivated R. equi combined with 100 µg of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) as a mucosal adjuvant, diluted in 100 ml of saline administered via nasogastric intubation; 2) high-dose inactivated virulent R. equi group (n=10), receiving 110¹¹ CFUs of inactivated R. equi with 100 µg of CTB diluted in 100 ml of saline via nasogastric intubation; 3) live virulent R. equi group (n=6), receiving 110¹⁰ CFUs of live R. equi diluted in 100 ml of saline administered via nasogastric intubation; 4) control with CTB group (n=9), receiving 100 µg of CTB diluted in 100 ml of saline via nasogastric intubation; and, 5) control without CTB group (n=8), receiving 100 ml of saline via nasogastric intubation. Treatments (i.e., live bacteria, inactivated bacteria, and negative controls) were administered by nasogastric intubation to foals at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days of age.

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

EAE:

… On the day of immunization (day 0) and 48 h later (day 2), PTx (List Biological laboratories Inc …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

Animals:

Male Wistar rats … and male heterozygous transgenic VP-EGFP Wistar rats (56 weeks old) were used.

Retrograde Tracing:

…cholera toxin B (CTB) (1%; List Biological Laboratories) was microinjected into the RVLM (starting from bregma: 12 mm caudal along the lamina, 2 mm medial lateral, and 8 mm ventral). Animals were used 34 days after surgery.

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

… Briefly, ninety-six well polystyrene plates (Immulon 4 HBX, Thermo Electron Corp., Milford, MA) were coated with 1 g of purified tetanus toxoid (List Biological Laboratories, USA) at a 20 g/mL concentration in Carbonate Bicarbonate Buffer (pH 9.6). …

• Product #191 – Tetanus Toxoid from Clostridium tetani

…Cholera toxin B, Choleragenoid, List Biological Laboratories, goat polyclonal, #703, 1:2,500. …

Immunocytochemical staining:

Mice at one to two months of age were deeply anesthetized with CO₂ and decapitated. The retinas were fixed in the eyecups with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH=7.3) for 20 minutes. …CTB fluorescence was further enhanced with an anti-CTB antibody.

• Product #703 – Anti-Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Goat)

Reagents:

LPS (catalog 421) was purchased from List Biological Laboratories (Campbell, CA). …

Cell culture, endotoxin assay, fluorescein diacetate assay, and cytokine ELISA:

Bone marrowderived macrophages (BMDM) were harvested from femurs of male C57BL/6. …On day 7, macrophages were left untreated (nontolerant) or stimulated with 5 endotoxin unit (EU)/ml LPS or 20 mg/ml LTA for 24 h (tolerant). At 24 h, cell cultures were washed twice with warm PBS and given fresh media or conditioned media with 5 EU/ml LPS (LPS/LPS incubation time or LTA/LPS-incubation time). After various times of incubation, media were tested for cytokine content. To ensure the same activity of LPS from different lots, we measured the concentration of LPS by Endosofe-PTS kinetic reader (Charles River Laboratories). 

• Product #421 – ULTRA PURE LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4

Animal manipulations:

Wild type C57BL/6 mice used for most of these experiments…Each immunized mouse also received 300 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, California, USA) injected intraperitoneally in 0.15 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on day 0 and day 2 post-immunization. Mice were examined daily for signs of EAE and disease severity was rated in each animal using a standard six-point scale as follows: …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

EAE:

… tuberculosis H37Ra (Difco Laboratories). Animals were also injected intravenously (iv) on the day of, and two days following immunization, with 400 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (List Biologicals). …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

Injected tracers:

In most cases different fluorescent cholera toxin B-chain (CTB) tracers were used, either singly or in paired combinations in the same bird: …Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA, Invitrogen, Eugene, OR; 10K MW, 10% in PBS) was also used in some cases, in combination with a second injection of unconjugated CTB (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA; 1% in PBS) at another site. BDA and CTB were injected either iontophoretically using a Stoelting high voltage current source (24 A, positive current) or via air pressure. …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

Surgery and axonal tracing:

Five weeks after the surgery to generate dorsal column lesions was performed, animals were re-anesthetized with an XAK cocktail and an incision was made into the upper hindquarters to expose the sciatic nerve. A 10µL Hamilton syringe was inserted into each sciatic nerve at the junction of the fibial and tibial branches and 3 µL of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB;10 µg/L; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) was injected to label ascending sensory axonal projections. Animals were sacrificed three days after CTB injection.

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt