Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

… For canonical inflammasome stimulations, overnight (ON) IFNγ‐primed BMDMs were then prestimulated with PAM3CSK4 (InvivoGen, 100 ng/ml) for 4 h to induce pro‐IL1β expression. Then, Nigericin (NLRP3 activator, 40 μM, InvivoGen), dA:dT (AIM2 activator, 1 μg/ml, InvivoGen), TcdB toxin (PYRIN inducer, 0.05 μg/ml, List Biological Laboratories) or flagellin (NLRC4 trigger, 1 μg/ml, InvivoGen) was used to stimulate various canonical inflammasomes. Both flagellin and poly(dA:dT) were transfected into cells using FuGeneHD (Promega) transfection reagent in Opti‐MEM culture medium. When specified, P. aeruginosa (PAO1) and S. Tm strains (SL1344) (MOI 5) were used to trigger NLRC4 inflammasome response …

• Product #155 – Toxin B from Clostridium difficile

Induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

To induce EAE, all mice were immunized with MOG35–55 peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK; CelTek Bioscience, Nashville, TN) emulsified in an equal volume of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA; BD Difco, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and pertussis toxin (Ptx; List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA). Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and MOG35–55:CFA (100 μL; 3 mg/mL) was subcutaneously injected on each hind flank (200 μL total/mouse) on day 0. Ptx (200 μL; 2.5 μg/mL) was administered intraperitoneally (IP) on day 0 and day 2 post-MOG immunization (dpm). …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

… While stabilizing the animal’s back, the rib cage was palpated in order to identify the fifth intercostal space at the anterior axillary line. Using sterile conditions and appropriate antisepsis, a 50 µl Hamilton syringe was used to inject 15–20 μl of a 0.25% Cholera Toxin B Subunit (CTB, Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholera (List Biological Labs) …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

… On days 0 and 2 after transfer, recipient mice were given 200 and 400 ng of pertussis toxin (List Biologicals), respectively. Mice were scored according to the previously established criteria (27) by an investigator blinded to the mouse genotype/treatment. …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

… Diphtheria toxin (in saline; List Biological, no. 150) was injected at a dose of 50μg kg−1 , and the volume was 2.66μl g−1 of body weight as previously described …

• Product #150 – Diphtheria Toxin, Unnicked, from Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Induction of EAU

Purified whole bovine IRBP (150 µg) combined with IRBP peptide1–20 (300 µg; Anaspec, Fremont, CA) was emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) containing 2.5 mg/ml heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RA (Difco, Detroit MI) as reported60 and was injected sub-cutaneously in the morning (9–11 a.m.) of the day of immunization. Mice were also intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 0.5 µg Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX, List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA). …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

5.2. Retrograde tracer injections

Rats were anaesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (40 mg/kg) and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg). The head was shaved and the rat was placed in a stereotaxic frame in the “flat skull” position. Following a subcutaneous injection of local anaesthetic, an incision was made along the midline of the scalp and using a dental drill a small craniotomy was made on the midline of the skull, 3 mm caudal to bregma. Under stereotaxic guidance, using Paxinos and Watson (2005) as a reference, a glass micropipette (tip diameter 5-10um) filled with Cholera-toxin subunit B (CTB, List Biological Laboratories) was lowered through a small hole in the dura, into the paraventricular thalamus to a depth of 6 mm below the exposed cortical surface. Over a 20-minute period, 50 nl of CTB was deposited via an automated air-pressure system (9 ms air pulses). …

• Product #104 – Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Choleragenoid) from Vibrio cholerae in Low Salt

Neuroanatomical experimental procedures

Following the 2 h cold or warm exposure, rats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital (80 mg/kg i.p.) and transcardially perfused with saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). The brains were removed and post-fixed in 4% PFA for 2 h and equilibrated overnight in 20% sucrose in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) with 0.01% sodium azide. Serial coronal Sects. (30 µm) were cut with a freezing-stage microtome, collected sequentially in 6 sets, and stored in cryoprotectant with 0.01% sodium azide at − 20 °C. Sections containing the preoptic area were pre-incubated for 3 h in an antibody dilution solution (ADS) containing PBS, 0.3% Triton-X 100, 0.25% carrageenan, 0.02% NaN3, and 1% normal donkey serum, and incubated overnight at room temperature in ADS containing the primary antibodies for c-Fos (rabbit anti-c-Fos , 1:10 K, Calbiochem) and for CTb (goat anti-CTb, 1:10 K, List Biologicals). …

• Product #703 – Anti-Cholera Toxin B Subunit (Goat)

… following intraperitoneal injections of 200 ng of pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell …

Author did not specify which List Labs Pertussis Toxin was utilized. List Labs provides the following Pertussis Toxin products:
• Product #180 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized in Buffer
• Product #181 – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis, Lyophilized (Salt-Free)
• Product #179A – Pertussis Toxin from B. pertussis (in Glycerol)

2.2. Experimental Design—Sensitization and Challenges

Mice were sensitized and treated as described previously [32]. In short, after an acclimatization period of 5 days, mice in the sensitization group were sensitized intragastrically (i.g.) with 20 mg whey protein (DMV International, Veghel, The Netherlands) and 15 µg cholera toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA, USA), which was used as an adjuvant, in 0.5 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), once a week, for 5 consecutive weeks.

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae