Bacterial Toxin Research Citations

Anthrax protective antigen IgG and IgE ELISAs:

Ninety-six-well microtiter plates (Corning, Lowell, MA) were coated with 1g/well of recombinant PA (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA). …

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Measurements:

… PA 83 (List Biologicals, Campbell, CA) immobilized on microtiter plates was used as a capture reagent. …

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

Western blotting analysis:

,,, Commercial purified PA and LF (List Biological Laboratories, Inc.) were used as controls in the experiment.

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

Electrolyte Solutions and Analytes:

… Anthrax toxins PA63 and LF were obtained from List Biological Labs, Inc. (Campbell, CA, USA). …

Discussion:

We also used EIS to estimate the biochip receiver operating characteristic for the detection of B. anthracis LF. For example, we determined the sensitivity of the PA63 chip to LF (<50 pM), and the response time of the system (minutes). … Antibody 2C11 does not appear to block LF binding to the membrane, which is consistent within vivo measurements of LF activity [76].

… In particular, we demonstrate that AB toxins such as the LF:PA63 from B. anthracis [40] provide a highly specific, built-in sensing scheme.

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

• Product #174 – Anthrax Protective Antigen, Activated (PA 63) from B. anthracis

… For treatments, the LSM was amended with 2 g/ml protective antigen (PA) or 2 g/ml lethal toxin (LT, 2 g/ml PA plus 2 g/ml LF, List Biological Laboratories). …

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

… cholera toxin was obtained from List Biological. …

Stx partitioning assay:

Culture supernatants of Stx1 and Stx2a, purified Stx1 (5 µg ml¹) (BEI Resources) containing an A:B subunit ratio of 1:5 (as demonstrated by staining with Sypro Orange protein dye), and purified cholera toxin (5 µg ml¹) (List Biological) were partitioned via centrifugal filtration (Amicon Ultracel 50-kDa cutoff; Millipore) into two fractions: >50 kDa (corresponding to holotoxin) and <50 kDa (corresponding to unassembled A and B subunits). …

• Product #100B – Cholera Toxin (AZIDE-FREE) from Vibrio cholerae

Reagents: 

 Recombinant full-length protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF) and 
 fluorescein-conjugated PA were purchased from List Biological Laboratories  (Campbell, CA, 
 U.S.A.).

PA-binding assay:

 To detect PA-binding ability of the cells, cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS, scraped, and 
 resuspended in ice-cold PBS (4 x 106 cells / ml). Cell suspensions (each 25 l) were reacted with 1
 mg/ml of FITC-PA in 1.5 ml tubes and incubated at 4 C for 60 min in the dark.  The cells were
 then washed twice with 2 ml ice-cold PBS and re-suspended in 0.5 ml ice-cold PBS for
flowcytometric analysis as described above.

RESULTS:

 Sensitivity to ATX-mediated cytotoxicity has been confirmed in several cell types derived from 
 mice and humans.  Murine (Raw264.7 or J774.1) or human (THP1, U937 or K562) cells were 
 treated with 300 ng/ml of LF and with the indicated concentration of PA, and viabilities of the cells 
 were examined 24, 48 or 72 hr after the treatment (Fig. 1A).  In the case of murine cells, ATX
 treatment showed a cytotoxic effect in a PA dose-dependent manner at 24 hr after treatment. 
 Comparing with murine cells, human U937 and K562 cells had exhibited resistance to 
 ATX-mediated cytotoxicity in the presence of a high concentration (500 ng/ml) of PA.

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis 

Author did not specify which List Labs Anthrax Edema Factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #178A(Anthrax Edema Factor (EF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #173B (Anthrax Edema Factor (EF), Recombinant, Mutant S447N from B. anthracis).

…rPA was obtained from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. The assay endpoint is reported as the serum mean concentration of anti-PA specific IgG (g/mL). … viability. rPA and rLF were obtained from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. …

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

• Product #171 – Anthrax Protective Antigen (PA), Recombinant from B. anthracis

Anthrax LeTx Forming Assay (TFA):

A mouse macrophage cell line (J774A.1 cells, ATCC TIB-67, Manassas, VA) were plated in 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates at 2.5×10⁴ cells/well in 50 L and incubated for 1619 hours at 37C with 5% CO₂. pp-PA83 variants were titrated on the plated cells in the presence or absence of LF (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA).

Author did not indicate which specific lethal factor was utilized.  List Labs provides Product #172 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF), Recombinant from B. anthracis) and Product #169 (Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF-A), Recombinant from B. anthracis Native Sequence).

… Recombinant, nicked anthrax protein PA63 from B. anthracis for the bilayer experiments was obtained from List Biological Laboratories Inc., Campbell, CA. …

• Product #174 – Anthrax Protective Antigen, Activated (PA 63) from B. anthracis